Gate_2018
23)
Assume a flat earth with crustal thickness of 35 km and average
crustal and mantle P-wave velocities of 6.4 km/sec and 8.1 km/sec
respectively. The minimum distance from the epicenter of the near
surface earthquake at which Pn wave are observed is
________km.
(Thanks
to Chandrasekhar, ANU)
Solution:
P_n
- Doubly refracted wave (equivalent to a head wave) that travelled
partly in the upper mantle.
The
interception of reflected wave and refracted wave is called "Critical
distance", here both the waves have equal travel times.
The
minimum distance is nothing but “Critical Distance”.
The
Critical distance (X_{c})= 2Z \tan\theta_{c}----(1)
To
find out the \tan\theta_{c} ,
From snell's law at critical angle is given that,
\sin\theta_{c}=\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}
\cos^{2}\theta_{c}=1-\sin^{2}\theta_{c}
\cos\theta_{c}=\sqrt{1-\sin^{2}\theta_{c}}
\cos\theta_{c}=\sqrt{1-\frac{V_{2}^{2}}{V_{1}^{2}}}
\cos\theta_{c}=\sqrt{\frac{V_{2}^{2}-V_{1}^{2}}{V_{2}^{2}}}
\tan\theta_{c}=\frac{\sin\theta_{c}}{\cos\theta_{c}}
\tan\theta_{c}=\frac{\frac{V_{1}}{V_{2}}}{\sqrt{\frac{V_{2}^{2}-V_{1}^{2}}{V_{2}^{2}}}}
\tan\theta_{c}=\frac{V_{1}}{\sqrt{V_{2}^{2}-V_{1}^{2}}}
Now
substitute the given values in the equation (1) we get
X_{c}= 2Z\frac{V_{1}}{\sqrt{V_{2}^{2}-V_{1}^{2}}}
X_{c}= 2\times 35\times\frac{6.4}{\sqrt{(8.1)^{2}-(6.4)^{2}}}
X_{c}= \frac{448}{\sqrt{65.61-40.96}}
X_{c}= \frac{448}{\sqrt{24.64}}
X_{c}= \frac{448}{{4.9648}}
X_{c}= 90.23525 km
Extra
information:
1. Minimum distance- Critical Distance
X_{c}=
critical
distance=2Z\tan\theta_{c}=2Z\frac{V_{1}}{\sqrt{V_{2}^{2}-V_{2}^{1}}}
2.
Maximum distance - Cross over Distance
X_{cr} = Cross over distance=
2Z\sqrt{\frac{V_{2}+V_{1}}{V_{2}-V_{1}}}
3. Intercept time
t_{i}
= intercept travell time=
2Z\frac{\sqrt{V_{2}^{2}-V_{1}^{2}}}{V_{2}V_{1}}.
Reference : Fundamentals of Geophysics by William Lowrie.
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